https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/ Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History en daily 1 Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19437.html The research examines the transformation of the political and military strata in Iran during the Seljuk period, focusing on the central government's increasing power. It poses the question of why the Seljuk political system sought to alter the status of influential social classes and the consequences of this strategy. The Seljuk government, initially established through the support of Turkmen tribes and local elites, aimed to centralize authority. By creating a bureaucratic system and a standing army, it sought to exert control over local and tribal powers.This centralization resulted in the decline of local nobility and the rise of new classes of bureaucrats and Amir-Ghulamans within the government. The study employs documentary research and sociological analysis to understand the changes in the position of political and military forces in the Seljuk state. Key findings indicate that following the deaths of Nizam al-Mulk and Sultan Malik Shah, corruption within the bureaucratic system allowed a new political and military aristocracy, known as royal emirs of slaves, to seize financial and political power. They utilized institutions like Iqta and Atabaki, ultimately contributing to the collapse of the Seljuk bureaucratic system. This research highlights the intricate dynamics between central authority and local powers during the Seljuk era. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21630.html The Iraqi school of historiography is considered one of the most important schools of Islamic historiography in the early Islamic centuries. This school of historiography was formed in two famous and important cities, Basra and Kufa. The methods, themes, and content of historiography of the Iraqi school distinguished it from the methods and content of the historiography school of Medina as another Islamic historiography school. The Akhbarian method and the themes of Ayyam-ol-Arab and Ansab Arabi, which was rooted in tribal culture, were the characteristics of the Iraqi historiographical school. In addition to the new Islamic culture, the method of editing and the content and themes of historiography came from the tribal structure of Basra and Kufa, as well as the oral culture left over from pre-Islamic traditions and the heritage of non-Muslim nations.Abu Mokhnaf, Abul Hasan Madaeni, Abu Ubeidah Muammar bin Muthna and Haitham bin Adi were prominent representatives of the Iraqi school of historiography. This school was influenced by the methods and themes of Iranian historiography, and on the other hand, it also influenced Iranian Islamic historiography. This article examines the formation of the Iraqi school of historiography and its relationship with the tradition of Iranian historiography before Islam and Iranian historiography in the early Islamic centuries. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21255.html Foreign travelogues of the Qajar period reflect a kind of gender order that is in connection, conformity and harmony with the traditional discourse of society. In this gender order, under the influence of components such as the social, economic and cultural conditions of the society, the position of women is a marginal and subordinate position that, under the domination of the patriarchal society, had lost the ability to act broadly in the community. This research attempts to reflect on the gender order and the discursive position of women in the Qajar period from the perspective of the narratives of foreign travelogues. This work attempts to answer the main question of how the gender position of Iranian women affected women's lives and placed them within specific frameworks of social activism, relying on the historical method and using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this study indicate that the travelogues of the Qajar period, by presenting narratives with great detail, showed that women's lives in Iran were influenced by the cultural and social norms and values ​​of a pre-modern society and supported by some religious and customary teachings and instructions, and that women's actions in this society were influenced by the constant gaze and supervision of the male element. The dominant gender order in this period was reproduced by both social institutions and individuals, and the family order and female appearance gained meaning in connection with the issue of the dominant gender order. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21664.html Despite its prominence and influence in contemporary Iranian history, particularly during the oil nationalization movement, the student movement and the political-social activism of the student population have rarely received independent attention or research. With the collapse of Reza Shah's autocratic rule, a political-social open space emerged in Iran, providing fertile ground for the activities of various political, social, and religious currents, parties, and organizations. The oil nationalization movement was one of the most important political-social movements in contemporary Iranian history, offering a broad platform for organization, partisanship, and political mobilization among various social strata, including school students. This research, emphasizing the central importance of students in the oil nationalization movement, employs a historical method and draws upon sources, publications, documents, and memoirs related to this event. It aims to answer the question: What role did student organizations affiliated with the Tudeh Party in Tehran play in the oil nationalization movement? The findings indicate that this period marked one of the most significant phases of political action by students and student organizations in contemporary Iranian history. The Tudeh Party, recognizing that movements require action, political mobilization, organization building, and supporter recruitment, selected some of its most loyal supporters, its party "infantry", from among school students. By organizing them, the party brought them into the realm of political activism. Marches, rallies, slogan writing, and physical confrontations were among the most common forms of action, with Sharaf, Alborz, and Darolfonun high schools serving as the main centers of activism for Tudeh Party students. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21665.html Interior decoration and ornaments of houses in Iran during the Qajar era were of significant interest to many Iranians, who sought to reflect their social differences through these elements. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing historical sources and texts while applying Bourdieu's theory of social distinction, aims to provide relevant answers to the following questions: What role did the interior decoration and ornaments of houses in Iran during the Qajar era play in reflecting the differences between social classes? What was the attitude of the nobility towards this issue? How did the lower classes or the masses perceive the interior decoration of houses? The hypothesis of this research is that while the upper classes and the nobility sought to demonstrate their individuality, taste, or appreciation of art and beauty in the decoration and interior design of their houses, the lower and deprived classes focused on meeting their basic and primary needs. The findings indicate that the upper classes, in the matter of interior decoration, were primarily concerned with showing their individuality and distinction, thus placing great importance on luxury, aesthetics, and decorative elements inside their homes. In contrast, the lower classes viewed interior decoration as a matter of necessity, prioritizing cheapness, simplicity, and durability over luxury or aesthetic concerns. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21666.html Abstract:At the request of Mirza Hassan Khan Moshir-ul-Dawlah, Minister of Justice (1329 AH) and with the approval of the Second Session of the National Assembly (Dhu al-Hijjah 1329 - Dhu al-Qadah 1327), Francis Adolphe Perny prosecutor of the Redon-Brittany region in France was hired by the Iranian government as a judicial advisor. The purpose of his recruitment was to help bring about a transformation in the judiciary and its functioning. This is despite the fact that after the victory of the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, major efforts had been made by the government and the parliamentarians to resolve the chaotic situation of the judiciary. From 1329 AH to 15 years later, i.e. until the end of the Qajar rule in 1304 AH, Adolf Perny sometimes served as more than an advisor in the structure of the judiciary of Iran and took numerous measures to transform and improve the judiciary in two organizational and legal fields.The present research seeks to answer the question of what reasons or necessities led the government and the National Assembly to hire Monsieur Perny as a judicial advisor? The findings of our research show that the necessity of forming a correct and efficient judiciary consisting of valid organizational and substantive laws as one of the most important demands of the constitutionalists, as well as providing the necessary facilities for other countries to trust the functioning of judicial courts with the aim of abolishing capitulation, were among the necessities of https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21667.html An interdisciplinary approach that links the history of education with the knowledge and methods of management sciences opens new horizons for analyzing professional development policies. This approach, which combines critical analysis of historical documents with managerial models, enables a deeper understanding of decision-making contexts, executive mechanisms, and organizational outcomes. The integration of these two fields transforms the past into an effective resource for rethinking and improving educational systems, enhancing the ability to explain the gaps between theory and practice. Such a perspective provides the foundation for designing policies that, in addition to addressing historical and cultural needs, contribute to enhancing the efficiency of educational structures. Professional development is a relatively new concept in the fields of management and education, aimed at enhancing the knowledge, attitudes, character, and skills of staff and managers to achieve organizational growth. This article aims to analyze professional development across five dimensions, physical, ideological, ethical, scientific, and social, within educational documents from 1925 to 1971 (1304–1350 SH). The main objective is to evaluate how the components of professional development were reflected in the educational documents of that period, with a particular focus on school inspectors’ reports and Motahhed al Ma’al circulars. Using documentary analysis of historical data from 1925–1971, this study reviews professional development in educational laws and strategies. Actions included drafting laws, publishing journals, founding teacher training and research institutions, and embedding ethics in curricula. However, urban-focused policies and the neglect of rural and nomadic needs limited the overall impact. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21668.html Beyond the intrinsic importance of Juvaynī’s Tārīkh-i Jahān-gushā for understanding the Mongol era and its formative influence on subsequent historiographical traditions, the English translation of this work has played a decisive role in the development of Iranian and Mongol studies. It has significantly shaped the knowledge of non-Iranian, English-speaking scholars regarding this period, and their research has often been influenced by the translator’s interpretive choices, with the translation itself frequently serving as a point of reference or scholarly standard for later investigations. A significant portion of the complexities inherent in this text, and, consequently, in its English rendering, concerns the translation of administrative terminology used under Mongol rule. The profound transformations that occurred within the administrative apparatus have consistently posed major challenges for scholars of bureaucratic history, challenges that are magnified for the translator tasked with conveying such terms with precision. Accordingly, the central question of this study is: What strategies did Boyle employ in translating the administrative vocabulary of the period? The findings of this research indicate that the translator adopted three principal strategies when confronted with difficult administrative terms: historical equivalence, descriptive translation, and transliteration. Although Boyle translated most of these terms by employing historically informed English equivalents, linguistic and conceptual constraints led him, in certain instances, to use descriptive, phrase-based renderings or to resort to transliteration accompanied by explanatory footnotes. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that, aside from a small number of exceptional cases, Boyle possessed a generally sound understanding of the administrative lexicon and produced a translation that is both effective and elucidatory. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21669.html This research aims to examine and analyze the role of Mohammad Khan Zanganeh, Amir Nezam (Governor-General) of Azerbaijan during the Qajar era, by exploring various dimensions of his power and diplomacy in the province. Mohammad Khan Zanganeh, relying on his family lineage and personal merits, managed to gain the trust of Abbas Mirza and Mohammad Shah Qajar, becoming one of the main agents of the government. After Abbas Mirza's departure from Azerbaijan, he effectively assumed responsibility for administering the province and engaging with the political representatives of foreign governments. Following the death of Fath-Ali Shah and during the succession crisis, Mohammad Khan played a key role in stabilizing the reign of Mohammad Mirza through military support. This study, employing an analytical-historical approach and relying on primary sources, examines the background and circumstances of Mohammad Khan's presence at the Qajar court. It investigates his role in maintaining security and tranquility in Azerbaijan, managing both the internal and external affairs of the province, and pursuing the rights of Iranian citizens. The findings of this research indicate that Mohammad Khan Zanganeh, utilizing his political intelligence, diplomatic skills, and military capabilities, played a significant role in consolidating Qajar power and preserving Iran's interests in the Azerbaijan region. https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21670.html Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty, one of the most significant rulers in Iranian history, ascended to power during a period marked by foreign invasions and internal rebellions. Over his 42-year reign, he transformed a fragmented land lacking central authority into a prosperous and powerful Iran. While his life and actions have been extensively studied, a systematic analysis of his personality and political behavior through the lens of political psychology has received less attention. This study addresses this gap by examining the political psychology of Shah Abbas the Great, offering a deeper understanding of the reasons behind his performance during his reign. The research seeks to answer the question: "What are the most important personality and psychological traits of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty?" The methodology involves qualitative content analysis, with data collected from documentary sources. The findings indicate that a combination of feelings of inferiority stemming from childhood experiences (parental distance, birth order, and manipulation by the Qizilbash) and the critical conditions at the start of his reign (Iran's weakness against its neighbors and his father's ineffective governance) played a decisive role in shaping his personality. These factors led to the development of dual compensatory behavioral mechanisms: "self-centeredness" through power-seeking and domineering behavior, and "other-centeredness" through benevolent populism, which benefited society